该杂志 对外政策 最近有一个 “性别” 发出。 本期杂志以《蒙娜娜·埃尔塔哈维(Mona Eltahaway)》特别著名 血泪史 反对阿拉伯男性文化及其对女性的态度。 结束于 博客电视 查理·卡彭特(Charli Carpenter) 对这一问题似乎过于关注阿拉伯人表示关切,好像妇女权利是阿拉伯穆斯林特别重视的问题。 实际上,她承认事实确实如此,但是对于本质化仍然有疑虑。
现在,我喜欢从分布的角度进行思考,而没有发现本质化在基本层面上特别有用。 但是,我个人的观察是,当发现使人感到不舒服的现象时,往往会使用“本质化”一词。 例如,在谈论共和党或西方基督教保守派时,我很少听到本质化几乎是一个大问题。
但这确实让人感到奇怪: 阿拉伯国家在妇女权利方面有多严重? 我们来看看 世界价值观调查。 调查中有两个问题,其中包含很多标准行李:
–如果工作稀缺:男人应该比女人拥有更多的工作权利
–民主的一个基本特征是妇女享有与男子同等的权利
就书呆子的准确性而言,男女享有同等权利显然不是民主的本质特征。 通常认为1920年前的古雅典和美国是民主国家。 但是,问题是对男女法律平等的态度的粗略衡量。 我将这些问题重新标记为“经济”和“法律”平等。 它们以百分比形式给出,因此我将类别转换为数字,然后采用加权平均值。 这两个指数衡量了平等的两个方面,较高的值有利于平等。 下面,我生成了一个散点图,显示了两者之间的关系(自然呈正相关)。 我还在图后附加了表格数据。
民主:妇女享有与男子相同的权利。 | ||||||||||
国家 | 不重要 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 必要 |
马来西亚 | 4% | 2% | 2% | 5% | 18% | 14% | 14% | 15% | 12% | 15% |
泰国 | 2% | 1% | 2% | 2% | 11% | 10% | 14% | 17% | 18% | 22% |
伊拉克 | 10% | 5% | 6% | 7% | 15% | 7% | 8% | 9% | 7% | 27% |
卢旺达 | 2% | 2% | 3% | 4% | 9% | 8% | 9% | 14% | 19% | 32% |
伊朗 | 5% | 2% | 3% | 3% | 9% | 7% | 8% | 13% | 14% | 35% |
南非 | 2% | 3% | 2% | 3% | 7% | 7% | 9% | 12% | 15% | 41% |
韩国 | 4% | 1% | 1% | 2% | 9% | 6% | 7% | 13% | 15% | 42% |
日本 | 2% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 4% | 12% | 8% | 15% | 13% | 43% |
赞比亚 | 3% | 3% | 4% | 4% | 10% | 9% | 5% | 7% | 11% | 45% |
摩洛哥 | 8% | 2% | 4% | 4% | 10% | 2% | 5% | 10% | 10% | 45% |
印度尼西亚 | 6% | 1% | 1% | 2% | 7% | 4% | 8% | 12% | 11% | 47% |
乌克兰 | 1% | 1% | 1% | 3% | 6% | 7% | 8% | 11% | 14% | 48% |
加纳 | 3% | 2% | 2% | 1% | 4% | 4% | 4% | 12% | 19% | 49% |
法国 | 1% | 1% | 1% | 2% | 6% | 3% | 4% | 15% | 17% | 50% |
摩尔多瓦 | 1% | 0% | 1% | 1% | 6% | 4% | 7% | 10% | 20% | 51% |
约旦 | 11% | 3% | 3% | 4% | 6% | 5% | 4% | 9% | 6% | 51% |
埃及 | 7% | 1% | 3% | 4% | 9% | 6% | 7% | 8% | 4% | 51% |
马里 | 8% | 2% | 1% | 3% | 9% | 4% | 8% | 6% | 9% | 51% |
埃塞俄比亚 | 1% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 1% | 9% | 11% | 25% | 52% |
智利 | 2% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 8% | 6% | 6% | 10% | 10% | 55% |
塞尔维亚 | 3% | 1% | 1% | 2% | 4% | 4% | 5% | 11% | 13% | 56% |
巴西 | 4% | 1% | 2% | 2% | 6% | 3% | 5% | 9% | 13% | 56% |
土耳其 | 1% | 1% | 1% | 2% | 4% | 6% | 8% | 13% | 9% | 57% |
美国 | 2% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 11% | 4% | 5% | 8% | 11% | 57% |
保加利亚 | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 4% | 3% | 3% | 9% | 16% | 57% |
墨西哥 | 8% | 2% | 2% | 1% | 5% | 3% | 3% | 9% | 11% | 57% |
布基纳法索 | 4% | 1% | 2% | 2% | 7% | 4% | 5% | 6% | 9% | 59% |
台湾 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 3% | 5% | 6% | 11% | 15% | 59% |
荷兰 | 1% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 2% | 3% | 5% | 12% | 17% | 60% |
乌拉圭 | 2% | 0% | 1% | 1% | 8% | 5% | 6% | 9% | 9% | 60% |
中国 | 2% | 1% | 1% | 0% | 2% | 3% | 3% | 8% | 19% | 61% |
秘鲁 | 2% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 4% | 3% | 4% | 10% | 14% | 61% |
英国 | 1% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 12% | 14% | 62% |
斯洛文尼亚 | 2% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 4% | 2% | 4% | 11% | 12% | 63% |
西班牙 | 1% | 0% | 1% | 1% | 5% | 4% | 7% | 7% | 11% | 63% |
芬兰 | 0% | 0% | 1% | 1% | 2% | 2% | 4% | 10% | 17% | 64% |
特立尼达和多巴哥 | 3% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 4% | 3% | 3% | 8% | 12% | 65% |
波兰 | 1% | 0% | 1% | 2% | 4% | 2% | 4% | 10% | 11% | 65% |
加拿大 | 1% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 4% | 2% | 3% | 11% | 12% | 66% |
越南 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 3% | 4% | 10% | 14% | 68% |
塞浦路斯 | 2% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 5% | 3% | 3% | 7% | 8% | 69% |
1% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 3% | 2% | 5% | 9% | 9% | 70% | |
挪威 | 1% | 0% | 1% | 1% | 2% | 1% | 2% | 9% | 15% | 70% |
澳大利亚 | 2% | 1% | 0% | 0% | 4% | 1% | 4% | 7% | 10% | 72% |
罗马尼亚 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 3% | 1% | 3% | 7% | 11% | 74% |
俄罗斯联邦 | 2% | 0% | 1% | 1% | 3% | 2% | 3% | 6% | 9% | 74% |
德国 | 1% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 2% | 4% | 4% | 6% | 7% | 74% |
瑞士 | 2% | 0% | 1% | 0% | 2% | 1% | 2% | 4% | 10% | 78% |
阿根廷 | 1% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 3% | 1% | 3% | 5% | 6% | 80% |
瑞典 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 16% | 84% |
安道尔 | 2% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 2% | 1% | 1% | 3% | 5% | 88% |
男性更有工作权 | |||
国家 | 同意 | 也不 | 不同意 |
埃及 | 89% | 7% | 4% |
约旦 | 88% | 4% | 8% |
伊拉克 | 84% | 0% | 16% |
伊朗 | 69% | 14% | 17% |
马里 | 62% | 15% | 23% |
印度尼西亚 | 55% | 8% | 36% |
加纳 | 54% | 9% | 37% |
土耳其 | 53% | 17% | 30% |
53% | 21% | 26% | |
布基纳法索 | 52% | 13% | 35% |
印度 | 51% | 28% | 21% |
摩洛哥 | 51% | 16% | 33% |
马来西亚 | 49% | 36% | 15% |
台湾 | 44% | 20% | 36% |
中国 | 42% | 25% | 33% |
越南 | 41% | 22% | 38% |
摩尔多瓦 | 38% | 23% | 39% |
南非 | 37% | 13% | 50% |
俄罗斯联邦 | 37% | 20% | 44% |
韩国 | 37% | 37% | 26% |
塞浦路斯 | 37% | 17% | 46% |
罗马尼亚 | 35% | 24% | 41% |
赞比亚 | 34% | 15% | 52% |
乌克兰 | 33% | 23% | 45% |
泰国 | 32% | 27% | 41% |
波兰 | 31% | 18% | 51% |
智利 | 30% | 24% | 46% |
阿根廷 | 28% | 12% | 60% |
日本 | 27% | 55% | 18% |
墨西哥 | 25% | 7% | 68% |
特立尼达和多巴哥 | 25% | 9% | 66% |
卢旺达 | 25% | 11% | 64% |
保加利亚 | 24% | 23% | 53% |
巴西 | 22% | 14% | 64% |
瑞士 | 22% | 15% | 63% |
意大利 | 22% | 19% | 59% |
乌拉圭 | 22% | 9% | 69% |
香港 | 22% | 34% | 44% |
危地马拉 | 19% | 9% | 72% |
法国 | 18% | 8% | 74% |
德国 | 18% | 15% | 67% |
秘鲁 | 18% | 10% | 73% |
西班牙 | 17% | 7% | 76% |
英国 | 16% | 8% | 76% |
加拿大 | 14% | 8% | 78% |
澳大利亚 | 14% | 21% | 65% |
斯洛文尼亚 | 14% | 13% | 74% |
荷兰 | 13% | 6% | 81% |
塞尔维亚 | 13% | 24% | 63% |
芬兰 | 10% | 9% | 82% |
新西兰 | 8% | 19% | 73% |
美国 | 7% | 27% | 66% |
挪威 | 7% | 5% | 89% |
埃塞俄比亚 | 6% | 8% | 86% |
安道尔 | 4% | 6% | 90% |
瑞典 | 2% | 4% | 94% |